Il metodo di canto di Giovanni Sbriglia, passato ai suoi 'celebri' allievi: il tenore De Reszke, il soprano Nordica e il basso Plançon

L'insegnamento di Sbriglia, che ebbe tra i suoi allievi, cantanti divenuti poi celebri come il tenore De Reszke, il soprano Nordica e il basso Plançon:

Sbriglia's teaching* helped some of the most famous opera singers of the beginning of the 20th Century [*the Neapolitan tenor Giovanni Sbriglia was a pupil of Emanuele de Roxas and Alessandro Busti at the Conservatoire "San Pietro a Majella" in Naples]:
- Lilian Nordica (passing from mezzosoprano to soprano),
- Pol Plançon (learning to use the diaphragmatic breathing and improving his tone production) and
- Jean de Reszke (passing from baritone to tenor)!!!

TEACHING THE OLD ITALIAN METHOD OF SINGING
I have gone abroad nearly every summer and it was on one of these trips, in 1877, that I first met Lilian Nordica. (...) When I first knew her she had no dramatic quality above G sharp. She could reach the upper notes, but tentatively and without power. She had, in fact, a beautiful mezzo voice; but she could not hope for leading "rôles" in grand opera until she had perfect control of the upper notes needed to complete her vocal equipment. She went about it, moreover, "with so much judiction", as an old man I know in the country says. But it was not until after the Russian engagement that she went to Sbriglia in Paris and worked with him until she could sing a high C that thrilled the soul. That C of hers in the "Inflammatus" in Rossini's "Stabat Mater" was something superb. Not many singers can do it as successfully as Nordica, although they can all accomplish a certain amount in "manufactured" notes. Fursch-Nadi, also a mezzo, had to acquire upper notes as a business proposition in order to enlarge her "répertoire". She secured the notes and the requisite "rôles"; yet her voice lost greatly in quality. Nordica's never did. She gained all and lost nothing. Her voice, while increasing in register, never suffered the least detriment in tone nor "timbre".
It was Nordica who first told me of Sbriglia, giving him honest credit for the help he had been to her. Like all truly big natures she has always been ready to acknowledge assistance wherever she has received it. Some people—and among them artists to whom Sbriglia's teaching has been of incalculable value—maintain a discreet silence on the subject of their study with him, preferring, no doubt, to have the public think that they have arrived at vocal perfection by their own incomparable genius alone. (...) when I was in Paris during an off season, I took advantage of being near the great teacher, Sbriglia, to consult him. I really did not want him actually to do anything to my voice as much as I wanted him to tell me there was nothing that needed doing. At the time I went to him I had been singing for twenty years. Sbriglia tried my voice carefully and said:

«Mademoiselle, you have saved your voice by singing far "forward".»

«That's because I've been worked hard», I told him, «and have had to place it so in self-defence. Many a night I've been so tired it was like "pumping" to sing! Then I would sing 'way, "'way" in front and, by so doing, was able to get through.»

«Ah, that's it!» said he. «You've sung against your teeth—the best thing in the world for the preservation of the voice.» (...)
«Mademoiselle», said Sbriglia, «you breathe by the grace of God! Breathing is all of singing and I can teach you nothing of either.»

Sbriglia's method was the old Italian method known to teachers as "diaphragmatic", of all forms of vocal training the one most productive of endurance and stability in a voice. I went several times to sing for him and, on one occasion, met Plançon who had been singing in Marseilles and, from a defective method, had begun to sing out of tune so badly that he resolved to come to Paris to see if he could find someone who might help him to overcome it. He was quite frank in saying that Sbriglia had "made him". I used to hear him practising in the Maestro's apartment and would listen from an adjoining room so that, when I met him, I was able to congratulate him on his improvement in tone production from day to day. (...)

Sbriglia really loved to teach. (...)
Everyone knows what Sbriglia did for Jean de Reszke, turning him from an unsuccessful baritone into the foremost tenor of the world. Sbriglia first met the Polish singer at some Paris party, where de Reszke told him that he was discouraged, that his career as a baritone had not been a fortunate one, and that he had about made up his mind to give it all up and leave the stage. He was a rich man and did not sing for a living like most professionals. Sbriglia had heard him sing. Said he:

«M. de Reszke, you are not a baritone.»

«I am coming to that conclusion myself», said Monsieur ruefully.

«No, you are not a baritone», repeated Sbriglia. «You are a tenor.»

Jean de Reszke laughed. A tenor? He? But it was absurd!
Nevertheless Sbriglia was calmly assured; and he was the greatest master of singing in France, if not in the world. After a little conversation, he convinced M. de Reszke sufficiently, at least, to give the new theory a chance.

«You need not pay me anything», said the great teacher to the young man. «Not one franc will I take from you until I have satisfied you that my judgment is correct. Study with me for six months only and then I will leave it to you—and the world!»

That was the beginning of the course of study which launched Jean de Reszke upon his extraordinarily prosperous and brilliant career. (...)

LEARNING SINGING BY IMITATION & ASSIMILATION

The best way—as I have said before and as I insist on saying—for anyone to learn to sing is by imitation and assimilation. My friend Franceschetti, a Roman gentleman, poor but of noble family, has classes that I always attend when I am in the Eternal City, and wherein the instruction is most advantageously given. He criticises each student in the presence of the others and, if the others are listening at all intelligently, they must profit. But you must listen, and then listen, and then keep on listening, and finally begin to listen all over again. You must keep your ear ready, and your mind as well.

(from Chapter XXIX "Teaching and the half-talented" in: Clara Louise Kellogg - "Memoirs of an American Prima Donna" - New York, 1913) 

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- Nordica

THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SCALES
'Do not Let a Scale Discourage You', and say you cannot get it. Anyone who works can get a scale, and no one knows how to sing until the scales are done thoroughly and properly. You must be able to sing scales slow, fast and in every way. Do not feel satisfied if you have slipped a bit uncertainly over a few notes, even if the ear of your teacher fails to detect them.
I never to this day start to sing before running through my scales, exactly as the performer upon any instrument has recourse to them in preparation. The singing of scales corresponds to the putting in tune of a stringed instrument. The voice cannot come 'near' to being ready—it must be absolutely in order.
'Vocalises You Can Never Leave'. They are the fundamental ground work upon which to build. You can put the embroidery of words on afterwards. And yet there are many singing in opera who cannot sing a scale perfectly, but such fail to reach distinction; they have not arrived, and never will arrive at greatness.

THE NECESSITY OF PERFORMING THE 'PASSAGGIO' CORRECTLY
'Sing with Ease'. In my experience I have met many who repeat certain phrases again and again in a wrong way. Hearing the manner in which these phrases were done I have asked, "Does it not hurt you?" The reply would be, "Yes, I have a pain in my throat."
"But it must not hurt you there." "Well," would perhaps be the answer, "I think it is only because I have not sung for a week." That is a mistake. You may be fatigued in different parts of your body—chest, jaws, diaphragm, but you should sing with ease; otherwise the way in which you are singing is a wrong one.
Take as an instance of legitimate fatigue, a passage in the last act of "Tristan und Isolde": partly because of the construction and somewhat because of the constrained attitude over Tristan's body, the recurring E and F in this passage keep the jaws open in such a position, to give room and not to cramp the tone, that they become fatigued, a pain that passes momentarily. But pupils should never complain of throat-ache, as that proves unfailingly that the manner of singing is incorrect.

HOW TO PREPARE TO PERFORM IN A CONCERT
'Before Going to the Concert-Room' practice a little, and if you have a 'cadenza', run through it for ten or fifteen minutes; you must be assured that your voice is in order, and that can best be done before you leave the hotel, for, frequently, the dressing-room being next the audience, every sound is audible to those without.
If there are any steps leading to the stage, mount them very slowly, for to go briskly will make your heart beat and your breath short. Take plenty of time in coming out and plenty of time before the accompanist begins his prelude.
'Above All, Have Your Clothes Comfortable'; an inch in the waist does not matter to the public, but if your gown is even that degree too tight, the lower ribs and the lungs are cramped, and you need perfect freedom both of lungs and shoulders.

(from: Lillian Nordica's Hints To Singers, 1923)

 

- De Reszke

"Mezza voce" singing, according to the famous tenor Jean De Reszke, a student of Antonio Cotogni and Giovanni Sbriglia

(from "Jean De Reszke's Principles of Singing" by Walter Johnstone-Douglas, in: Clara Leiser - "Jean De Reszke and the great days of opera" - New York - Minton, Balch & Company, 1934) 

 

DEVELOP VOCAL BACKGROUND
The beginning of any vocal training should be scales, scales, scales. These help the voice to find its natural place; help to fix the tones in the voice, and nothing can take their place. These preliminary scales should be sung in every possible way—slowly, more quickly, "legato", "staccato". The best exploring exercise is the slow scale, each note sustained through a full breath, and placed ‘right in the middle’ of the voice.

THE MIDDLE REGISTER
While I have never had any special vocal problems to overcome, I began my work with a rather small voice. I was worried about this and asked Jean de Reszke for advice. I am glad to repeat to others what that great master told me:
"Never force the voice for volume! Develop the voice normally, naturally, gradually, and it will grow, seemingly by itself."
He also assured me that the best way to build a voice is to develop the middle register. Many young singers with coloratura voices seem to resent this—they think that concentration on the 'mezza voce' (the middle voice) will rob them of range. As a matter of fact, the exact opposite is the truth! Range, as well as volume, develops from the perfection of the middle voice. Most singing is done in this middle voice—and it is the middle voice that indicates the status of any voice: the sound, healthy voice has a firm, sound middle register while the voice that shows ‘holes’ in the middle is nearing the end of its powers!

TONE POSITION
While I am on the subject of range, let me say that the position of the tone counts for more than exercises. Each kind of singing requires a differently placed tone—indeed, it is the position that controls the tone. (...)
The thorough vocal background which I advocate so strongly, helps to smooth away difficulties of dynamics. Anyone can sing "forte"—but few singers take the time to master a pure and beautiful "pianissimo" tone. (...) One of the best exercises is the spinning of tone—taking one note on each full breath, beginning it "pianissimo", making a gradual "crescendo", and diminishing again to "pianissimo". In this drill, of course, the tone must be not only pure, free, and well-controlled; it must be supported by a strong diaphragmatic breath (...)
I have a vivid recollection of Jean de Reszke’s method of coaching (...) de Reszke wasted little time in talking about style—he spent the hour singing for us, demonstrating the effects he wished. He always called attention to his effects, however; he would say,
"Listen sharply to the way I phrase this—observe this 'legato', or that 'portamento'—pay attention to how I articulate this passage, giving every syllable, every word its due emphasis."
After showing us the points to watch, he would demonstrate by singing. Then he would ask us to imitate him! After that, we were ready to find our own salvation.

(from: Bidú Sayão - "Prevention is better than cure!" - THE ETUDE, January 1948)

IL SEGRETO DEL PALATO MOLLE ALZATO NELL'INSEGNAMENTO DEL CELEBRE TENORE JEAN DE RESZKE:

«I was sent to Vichy to audition for Jean de Reszke (...) I was tremendously fortunate not only that he accepted me—"une ravissante petite voix" was the verdict—but that I had his enlightened guidance for two years; he died in 1925, and in fact I was one of his very last students. I settled in Nice for two years and took classes every day.
It is difficult to describe today the awe and respect surrounding his person. He had been one of the greatest tenors of all time, his brother Edouard a magnificent basso, and his sister Josephine an outstanding soprano. With what skill he put me through the cadenzas that developed and steadied the highest notes in the upper range! I shall never forget some of the exercises. There was one, which he put me through over and over again, to eliminate the break from chest to head: a sequence of four notes consisting of F, F-sharp, G, and G-sharp. He instructed me to obtain a high palate by the sensation of surprise and not to pull the muscles of the throat up. Only the soft palate should be raised.»

(from an interview to Bidú Sayão, taken in the spring of 1979 - quoted in: Lanfranco Rasponi - "THE LAST PRIMA DONNAS" - London, Gollancz 1984)

Mi avevano mandato a Vichy, a fare un'audizione da Jean de Reszke (...) E sono stata estremamente fortunata non solo che mi abbia accettato - "une ravissante petite voix" è stato il suo verdetto - ma che io abbia potuto avere la sua guida illuminata per ben due anni; egli è scomparso nel 1925, ed infatti io sono stata tra gli ultimi suoi allievi. Mi sono stabilita a Nizza per due anni e ho preso lezioni di canto da lui tutti i giorni.
E' difficile descrivere oggi l'ammirazione e il rispetto che circondava la sua persona. Egli era stato uno dei più grandi tenori di tutti i tempi, suo fratello Edouard un magnifico basso, e sua sorella Josephine un eccezionale soprano. Con quale maestria egli mi faceva affrontare delle cadenze che hanno sviluppato e stabilizzato le note più alte del settore acuto della mia voce! Non potrò mai dimenticare alcuni sui esercizi. Ce n'era uno in particolare che mi faceva ripetere più e più volte per eliminare la 'frattura' data dal cambiamento di registro tra petto e testa: una sequenza di quattro note costituite da Fa, Fa diesis, Sol e Sol diesis. Mi aveva insegnato ad ottenere un palato alto attraverso la sensazione della sorpresa e non contraendo i muscoli della gola. Solo il palato molle dev'essere alzato. [trad. it. : Mattia Peli]

(da un'intervista al soprano Bidú Sayão, realizzata nel 1979 - in: Lanfranco Rasponi - "THE LAST PRIMA DONNAS" - London, Gollancz 1984) 

[nella foto: Édouard (basso) e Jean (tenore) De Reszke, entrambi allievi del tenore Francesco Ciaffei, poi perfezionatisi con il tenore Giovanni Sbriglia]